The University of Arizona Graduate Catalog and Program Descriptions. Virology Program U MarylandVirology Program U Me AurRift Valley fever Wikipedia. Rift Valley fever RVF is a viral disease that can cause mild to severe symptoms. The mild symptoms may include fever, muscle pains, and headaches which often last for up to a week. The severe symptoms may include loss of sight beginning three weeks after the infection, infections of the brain causing severe headaches and confusion, and bleeding together with liver problems which may occur within the first few days. Those who have bleeding have a chance of death as high as 5. The disease is caused by the RVF virus, which is of the Phlebovirus type. It is spread by either touching infected animal blood, breathing in the air around an infected animal being butchered, drinking raw milk from an infected animal, or the bite of infected mosquitoes. Animals such as cows, sheep, goats, and camels may be affected. In these animals it is spread mostly by mosquitoes. It does not appear that one person can infect another person. The disease is diagnosed by finding antibodies against the virus or the virus itself in the blood. Prevention of the disease in humans is accomplished by vaccinating animals against the disease. This must be done before an outbreak occurs because if it is done during an outbreak it may worsen the situation. Stopping the movement of animals during an outbreak may also be useful, as may decreasing mosquito numbers and avoiding their bites. There is a human vaccine however, as of 2. There is no specific treatment and medical efforts are supportive. Outbreaks of the disease have only occurred in Africa and Arabia. Outbreaks usually occur during periods of increased rain which increase the number of mosquitoes. The disease was first reported among livestock in Rift Valley of Kenya in the early 1. Signs and symptomseditIn humans, the virus can cause several syndromes. Usually, sufferers have either no symptoms or only a mild illness with fever, headache, muscle pains, and liver abnormalities. In a small percentage of cases lt 2, the illness can progress to hemorrhagic fever syndrome, meningoencephalitis inflammation of the brain and tissues lining the brain, or affect the eye. Patients who become ill usually experience fever, generalised weakness, back pain, dizziness, and weight loss at the onset of the illness. NTY%20Congenital%20CMV%20copy.jpg' alt='Virology Program U Miami' title='Virology Program U Miami' />Typically, people recover within two to seven days after onset. About 1 of people with the disease die of it. In livestock, the fatality level is significantly higher. Pregnant livestock infected with RVF abort virtually 1. An epizootic animal disease epidemic of RVF is usually first indicated by a wave of unexplained abortions. Other signs in livestock include vomiting and diarrhoea, respiratory disease, fever, lethargy, anorexia and sudden death in young animals. VirologyeditThe virus belongs to the Bunyavirales order. This is a family of enveloped negative single stranded RNA viruses. All Bunyaviruses have an outer lipid envelope with two glycoproteinsGN and GCrequired for cell entry. They deliver their genome into the host cell cytoplasm by fusing their envelope with an endosomal membrane. The virus GC protein has a class II membrane fusion protein architecture similar to that found in flaviviruses and alphaviruses. This structural similarity suggests that there may be a common origin for these viral families. The virus 1. 1. 5 kb tripartite genome is composed of single stranded RNA. As a Phlebovirus, it has an ambisense genome. Its L and M segments are negative sense, but its S segment is ambisense. These three genome segments code for six major proteins L protein viral polymerase, the two glycoproteins GN and GC, the nucleocapsid N protein, and the nonstructural NSs and NSm proteins. TransmissioneditThe virus is transmitted through mosquito vectors, as well as through contact with the tissue of infected animals. Two speciesCulex tritaeniorhynchus and Aedes vexansare known to transmit the virus. Other potential vectors include Aedes caspius, Aedes mcintosh, Aedes ochraceus,Culex pipiens, Culex antennatus, Culex perexiguus, Culex zombaensis and Culex quinquefasciatus. Contact with infected tissue is considered to be the main source of human infections. The virus has been isolated from two bat species the Peters epauletted fruit bat Micropteropus pusillus and the aba roundleaf bat Hipposideros abae, which are believed to be reservoirs for the virus. Respiratory Viruses Slide Set. Influenza Viruses. Influenza is commonly seen in local outbreaks or epidemics throughout the world. Epidemics may appear at any time. The Rabies Laboratory at the NCSLPH is the sole source for diagnostic rabies testing in North Carolina. Molecular Virology Group Leader. Research Interests and Description Group Members. Alessandro Marcello. International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. A collection of www sites with information about specific viruses from All the Virology on the WWW. Im grateful and humbled to be among the recipients of this great scholarship. This award has made it possible for me to be one step closer to achieving my dreams and. Group of institutes offering business and engineering courses. The West African Ebola virus epidemic 20132016 was the most widespread outbreak of Ebola virus disease EVD in historycausing major loss of life and. PathogenesiseditAlthough many components of the RVFVs RNA play an important role in the virus pathology, the nonstructural protein encoded on the S segment NSs is the only component that has been found to directly affect the host. NSs is hostile and combative against the hosts interferon IFNs antiviral response. IFNs are essential in order for the immune system to fight off viral infections in a host. This inhibitory mechanism is believed to be due to a number of reasons, the first being, competitive inhibition of the formation of the transcription factor. On this transcription factor, NSs interacts with and binds to a subunit that is needed for RNA polymerase I and II. This interaction cause competitive inhibition with another transcription factor component and prevents the assembly process of the transcription factor complex, which results in the suppression of the host antiviral response. Transcription suppression is believed to be another mechanism of this inhibitory process. This occurs when an area of NSs interacts with and binds to the hosts protein, SAP3. This complex causes histone acetylation to regress, which is needed for transcriptional activation of the IFN promoter. This causes IFN expression to be obstructed. Lastly, NSs has also been known to affect regular activity of double stranded RNA dependent protein kinase R. This protein is involved in cellular antiviral responses in the host. Swap Magic 3.6 Ps2 Slim here. When RVFV is able to enter the hosts DNA, NSs forms a filamentous structure in the nucleus. This allows the virus to interact with specific areas of the hosts DNA that relates to segregation defects and induction of chromosome continuity. This increases host infectivity and decreases the hosts antiviral response. DiagnosiseditDiagnosis relies on viral isolation from tissues, or serological testing with an ELISA. Other methods of diagnosis include Nucleic Acid Testing NAT, cell culture, and Ig. M antibody assays. As of September 2. Kenya Medical Research Institute KEMRI has developed a product called Immunoline, designed to diagnose the disease in humans much faster than in previous methods. PreventioneditA vaccine has been conditionally approved for use in animals in the US. It has been shown that knockout of the NSs and NSm nonstructural proteins of this virus produces an effective vaccine in sheep as well. Epidemiologyedit. Distribution of Rift Valley fever in Africa Blue, countries with endemic disease and substantial outbreaks of RVF green, countries known to have some cases, periodic isolation of virus, or serologic evidence of RVFRVF outbreaks occur across sub Saharan Africa, with outbreaks occurring elsewhere infrequently. In Egypt in 1. 97. In Kenya in 1. 99. Kenyans. In September 2. Saudi Arabia and Yemen. On 1. 9 October 2. Rift Valley fever contracted in Zimbabwe was reported in a Caucasian female traveler who returned to France after a 2. Marondera, Mashonaland East Province during July and August, 2.